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Gold has carved out a new top spot in the hierarchy of official reserves, according to data from the European Central Bank. By the end of 2025, the precious metal accounted for 27% of global currency reserves, overtaking both US Treasuries (22%) and the euro (15%). The milestone, however, comes with a significant asterisk: most of that surge reflects a blistering price rally rather than fresh central bank hoarding. The ECB notes that gold’s nominal price jumped about 60% in 2025, following a 30% gain the year before. Stripping out that valuation effect puts gold’s reserve share at 16%, with US Treasuries still commanding 26%.
The bullion market itself is trading in a state of suspended animation. Gold settled Tuesday at $4,515.40 per fine ounce, up 1.53% over the past seven days but slightly in the red over 30 days. Technically, the metal sits above its 200-day moving average of $4,416 but below the 50-day line at $4,641—2.71% under that benchmark. The relative strength index at 49.8 points to neither overbought nor oversold territory. On a year-to-date basis, gold is up roughly 4%, yet that masks a 17% slide from the January high of $5,450.
Two countervailing forces are keeping the price anchored. Eurozone inflation unexpectedly accelerated to 3.2% in May from 3.0%, driven by a 10.9% year-on-year surge in energy costs. ECB board member Isabel Schnabel has already flagged the need for a rate hike at the June 11 meeting, and Commerzbank expects a 25-basis-point move. Higher rates normally weigh on non-yielding gold, but the persistent inflation simultaneously burnishes its store-of-value credentials. The contradictory dynamic is, for now, working in the metal’s favor.
Geopolitical upheaval provides the other pillar of support. The Strait of Hormuz remains closed as negotiations between the US and Iran appear to stall—Tehran’s state media reported the talks had ended, even as President Trump claimed progress toward a deal within a week. The blockade keeps energy prices elevated (Brent crude eased only slightly to $93.91) and reinforces gold’s safe-haven appeal. As long as that chokepoint stays shut, the premium for haven assets is likely to persist.
Central banks continue to underpin physical demand, though with less frenzy than in prior years. The World Gold Council estimates net purchases of 243.7 tonnes in the first quarter of 2026—17% higher than the preceding quarter and 3% above the same period last year. Poland led reported buyers with 31 tonnes, followed by Uzbekistan at 25 tonnes, with additional purchases from China, Kazakhstan and the Czech Republic. On the sell-side, Turkey, Russia and Azerbaijan’s SOFAZ sovereign oil fund all reduced holdings. The data come with a caution: central banks often report transactions with a lag, so a portion remains estimated.
Full-year 2025 central bank buying came in at about 850 tonnes, the ECB notes, a clear deceleration from the 1,000+ tonnes annually recorded between 2022 and 2024. Even so, that pace remains historically elevated as monetary authorities diversify away from dollar and euro assets amid prolonged geopolitical tensions.
The shifting demand pattern is reshaping the supply side of the market. Total gold supply expanded 2% in the first quarter to 1,230.9 tonnes, with mine production also up 2%. Recycling activity jumped 5% as high prices tempted holders to cash in old jewelry. But the real divergence lies in end-use: jewelry fabrication plunged 23% to 335.0 tonnes, while investment in bars and coins soared 42% to 473.6 tonnes. Exchange-traded funds and similar products, by contrast, lagged year-ago levels. Physical investment and central bank accumulation now dominate the narrative, relegating ornamental demand to a secondary role.
The ECB’s reserve data crystallize that shift. Gold’s share of official reserves has climbed not just because of price, but because central banks increasingly view the metal as a hedge against geopolitical risk—a motive cited repeatedly in ECB surveys of reserve managers. The key question for the months ahead is whether net buying can sustain its momentum without the tailwind of further price gains. For now, the market awaits fresh catalysts: US jobs data due later this week could reset rate expectations, and any resolution—or escalation—in the Hormuz standoff would likely dictate the next decisive move.
The conventional wisdom that gold thrives on geopolitical turmoil has taken a beating in 2026. Rather than rallying on conflict in the Middle East, the yellow metal has been dragged lower as Iran tensions push oil prices and the dollar higher, reinforcing the Federal Reserve’s resolve to keep rates elevated. The latest leg of this paradox played out this week when gold hit a two-month low near $4,390 after US military strikes on Iranian bases, only to claw back to $4,596.60 by Friday’s close as tentative ceasefire hopes briefly weakened the greenback.
Underneath the daily noise, a very different story is unfolding in the official sector. Central banks bought 244 metric tons of gold in the first quarter, according to the World Gold Council, with China purchasing 8 tons in April alone — its strongest monthly intake since December 2024 and a streak that now extends 18 months. Poland, Uzbekistan and Ghana have also been adding to reserves, a trend that took off in earnest after the freezing of $300 billion in Russian central bank assets in 2022. Turkey, a heavy buyer last year, bucked the pattern by selling 8.1 tons in January-February to support the lira and cap local demand.
Traders, meanwhile, are getting a helping hand from the exchange. The CME lowered initial margin requirements for COMEX-100 gold futures for the second time in two months, effective May 29. Standard profiles dropped from 6% to 5%, while risk-based profiles fell from 6.6% to 5.5%. Lower margins tie up less capital per contract and can stir up speculative activity without touching physical flows.
The macro picture remains the biggest headwind. The Bureau of Economic Analysis reported April’s PCE price index running at 3.8% year-over-year, with the core gauge at 3.3%. That keeps the Fed locked in a restrictive stance — the CME FedWatch tool sees zero rate cuts in 2026 as the most probable scenario — and raises the opportunity cost of holding a zero-yield asset. The effect is compounded by oil: every spike in crude feeds inflation expectations and strengthens the dollar, which in turn makes gold more expensive for non-dollar buyers.
Physical demand in key Asian markets offers little relief. Indian buyers are sitting on their hands because of high domestic prices and import duties, while Chinese premiums have narrowed as caution takes hold.
On the charts, gold closed Friday at $4,596.60, up 1.5% on the day and roughly 1.1% above where it traded a month ago. That leaves it about 16% below the 52-week high of $5,450. The 50-day moving average at $4,641 is the immediate resistance; the relative strength index sits at 49.8, squarely in neutral territory. A sustained push above the 200-day line would provide the first technical confirmation that the bounce from Thursday’s low has legs.
Wall Street’s year-end targets remain wide apart. Morgan Stanley recently trimmed its forecast to $5,200, while J.P. Morgan holds at $6,300. Goldman Sachs remains at $5,400, pointing to the structural shift in central bank reserve management away from the dollar — a view backed by its own survey in which 70% of central banks expect global gold reserves to rise over the next twelve months. The Reuters quarterly poll from April put the average at $4,916. The main downside risks are a more hawkish Fed, sustained dollar strength, slower official sector buying and an unexpected geopolitical de-escalation that removes the last vestiges of risk premium.
On the supply side, China’s gold production slipped in the first quarter after safety inspections forced some smelters to halt operations.
The tug-of-war now pits secular demand from reserve managers against cyclical pressures from energy-led inflation and a stubbornly restrictive central bank. The next few weeks will show whether gold can hold the $4,400 floor and build on its recovery, or whether the combination of Iran and the Fed proves too heavy even for the official sector’s buying machine.
When the US military struck Iranian-linked targets near the Strait of Hormuz this week, the textbook safe-haven trade would have been to pile into precious metals. Instead, the exact opposite occurred. Silver tumbled to a three-week low of $71.81 per ounce on Thursday, settling around $73.20 — a decline of roughly 1.5%. By the close, the metal was changing hands at $73.34, down 1.7% on the session.
The culprit wasn’t a lack of geopolitical tension, but the specific channel it activated. The airstrikes, which Washington said were aimed at a facility threatening shipping in the vital waterway, sent crude oil prices surging roughly 2% in early trade. Higher energy costs rekindle inflation fears, which in turn reinforce expectations that the Federal Reserve will keep interest rates elevated for longer. For a non-yielding asset like silver, that calculus is deeply damaging.
The dollar seized on the narrative. The US Dollar Index climbed to 99.288 — its highest since May 22 and near the week’s peak — making silver more expensive for overseas buyers. Fed Governor Lisa Cook added to the pressure by signaling that the central bank should hold rates steady for now, while not ruling out further hikes given tariffs, the Iran conflict, and AI-driven investment. Vice Chair Philip Jefferson echoed the view, calling the current policy stance appropriate as long as inflation risks persist. The dollar’s strength crystallized a dilemma: instead of serving as a crisis hedge, silver got caught in the crossfire of an energy-driven inflation scare.
That dynamic played out across the precious metals complex, but silver took the hardest hit. Gold slipped 0.8%, platinum lost 0.5%, and palladium shed 0.7%. The message was clear: geopolitics does not automatically boost bullion. What matters is which transmission mechanism the crisis opens. This time, the oil-inflation-Fed channel was wide open.
Beneath the short-term noise, the physical market tells a starkly different story. The World Silver Survey 2026 projects the sixth consecutive deficit year, with a supply gap of 46.3 million ounces — 15% wider than the previous year. Above-ground inventories have fallen by a cumulative 762 million ounces since 2021, providing long-term price support. Yet the industrial side is cooling: semiconductor and AI-related silver consumption is growing, but a sluggish photovoltaic sector is dragging overall demand. Analysts expect industrial offtake to dip roughly 3% in 2026 to about 639.6 million ounces.
Chartists see further downside risk after silver broke below $74, triggering technical selling that sliced through both the 50-day and 100-day moving averages. The Relative Strength Index now sits below 50, keeping the bears in control. Immediate support lies at $71.22; if that fails, the psychologically important $70 level comes into focus. On the upside, $75 represents the first resistance, followed by the $76 zone.
All eyes now turn to Friday’s US PCE inflation data, the Fed’s preferred gauge. A hotter-than-expected reading would further slash the odds of near-term rate cuts and heap additional pressure on silver. Meanwhile, the Hormuz negotiations remain unresolved — Iran is demanding a tolling system for the strait, while Washington insists on the removal of highly enriched uranium from Iranian soil. Until clear progress emerges, every fresh energy price spike poses another headwind for the metal.
A curious contradiction is playing out in the commodities market. The US military struck Iranian positions near the Strait of Hormuz, a tanker came under fire, and oil prices shot up around 2%. Yet gold, the traditional haven, took a sharp knock — sliding 1.47% on Thursday to $4,422 an ounce, with a intraday low of $4,397.86, its weakest in nearly two months.
The selling looks counterintuitive, but the logic is brutally straightforward: escalating energy costs fan inflation fears, and that keeps the Federal Reserve on a hawkish path. Higher oil prices feed into broader price pressures, strengthening the case for the Fed to hold rates elevated — or even raise them further. For a non-yielding asset like gold, that’s a direct hit to its appeal.
Fed officials drove the point home on Thursday. Neel Kashkari stressed that inflation control remains the singular focus. Lisa Cook said rates should stay steady for now and did not rule out additional tightening. Philip Jefferson judged current policy to be appropriate. Their collective message: no pivot in sight. With real yields on Treasuries still attractive, the opportunity cost of holding bullion has become punishing.
The dollar added to the pressure. The geopolitical shock triggered a flight into the greenback, making gold more expensive for buyers outside the dollar zone. That suppressed the safe-haven reflex that typically accompanies such crises. Gold now sits roughly 18% below its 52-week high of $5,450, reached in January. While it still stands 42% higher year-on-year — from $3,335 — the current pullback shows that its crisis-hedge credentials have limits.
The weakness is spreading across the precious metals complex. Silver lost 1.7% to $73.34, platinum fell 0.5%, and palladium declined 0.7%. The S&P GSCI Precious Metals Index, at around 5,962 points, has shed over 3.2% year-to-date. The message is clear: macro forces and dollar strength, not physical demand, are calling the shots.
The next test arrives later on Thursday with the release of PCE data — the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge. A hotter-than-expected reading would further dim hopes for rate cuts and likely give the dollar another lift, a bearish scenario for gold. A softer print, on the other hand, could quickly turn sentiment. The metal has been trading in a tight $4,400–$4,600 channel for roughly ten days; the PCE numbers may determine which side of that range gives way.
Any fresh disruption to shipping through the Strait of Hormuz — through which about a fifth of global oil and LNG shipments pass — could amplify the rate-driven headwind. For gold to reclaim its safe-haven mantle, either the Fed would need to blink, or oil prices would have to stop feeding into rate expectations. Right now, neither appears likely.
Central Banks and Asian Buyers Forge a New Gold Landscape as Reserve Holdings Overtake Treasuries
A quiet revolution in the composition of the world’s official reserves has placed gold ahead of US Treasuries for the first time since 1996. The European Central Bank’s June 3 report pegged the yellow metal’s share of global central bank reserves at 27 percent, against 22 percent for US government bonds. The euro held steady at 15 percent.
ECB President Christine Lagarde attributed the shift partly to geopolitical tensions, but the central bank itself injected a dose of caution. Much of gold’s rise stems from valuation effects as prices surged in previous years. At end-2023 prices, Treasuries would still dominate with 26 percent, leaving gold at a lower share. The EZB’s caveat underscores that the headline number is as much a price story as a volume story.
Behind the statistics, central banks are voting with their feet. After a modest net sale in March, the World Gold Council reported that April saw a return to net purchases of 17 tonnes. Poland led the pack with 14 tonnes, pushing its gold holdings to nearly one-third of total foreign reserves. The People’s Bank of China added 8 tonnes, extending its 18-month buying streak. Russia, by contrast, trimmed its stock. Over the first quarter as a whole, central banks accumulated 244 tonnes net — the fastest pace in more than a year. Crucially, buying persists even at elevated price levels, signalling a strategic reallocation rather than tactical timing.
Private demand tells a complementary story — but with a geographic tilt. Bar and coin investment surged 42 percent year-on-year to 474 tonnes in the first quarter, even as jewelry fabrication slumped by roughly a quarter. Asia provided the engine: Chinese investors snapped up 207 tonnes of physical gold, the highest quarterly total since 2013, while Indian purchases climbed more than a third to 62 tonnes. Asian gold ETFs also attracted inflows, contrasting with outflows from North American funds. The gravitational centre of the gold market has shifted decisively eastward.
None of this means gold has escaped short-term headwinds. On Wednesday the metal slumped to its lowest in over two months as a stronger US dollar and rising inflation fears — fuelled by fresh US-Iran tensions that lifted oil prices — weighed on sentiment. ADP reported 122,000 new private-sector jobs in May, beating expectations and reinforcing the Federal Reserve’s case for caution on rate cuts. Higher interest rates and a firm dollar are a double blow for non-yielding bullion.
Gold staged a modest recovery in Asian trading on Thursday after Washington announced a ceasefire agreement between Israel and Lebanon, easing some geopolitical risk premium. Yet the price still sits at around $4,466 an ounce, roughly 20 percent below January’s record high and below its 50-day moving average — signs of cooling near-term momentum.
The next major catalyst arrives on Friday with the US non-farm payrolls report. Strong numbers would reinforce rate concerns and pressure gold further; weaker data could offer relief. Beneath the day-to-day noise, the structural picture remains clear: central banks and Asian investors are providing two sturdy pillars of demand, even as the metal’s reserve ascendance carries an asterisk from the ECB’s own valuation adjustment.